Primary Information
BoMiProt ID	Bomi10267
Protein Name	Ubiquitin-like-conjugating enzyme ATG3/Autophagy-related protein 3
Organism	Bos taurus
Uniprot ID	Q0VCL3
Milk Fraction	Exosomes
Ref Sequence ID	NP_001068832.1
Aminoacid Length	314
Molecular Weight	35752
FASTA Sequence	Download
Gene Name	ATG3
Gene ID	508571
Protein Existence Status	Reviewed
Secondary Information
Presence in other biological fluids/tissue/cells	blood
Protein Function	ATG3 acts as an E2 ubiquitin-like conjugating enzyme in the ATG8 conjugation system, contributing to phagophore elongation. ATG3 has also been found to participate in many physiological and pathological processes in an autophagy-dependent manner, such as tumor occurrence and progression, ischemia-reperfusion injury, clearance of pathogens, and maintenance of organelle homeostasis.
PTMs	N-Acetylation at Meth, Isopeptide bond formation, Ubl conjugation
Site(s) of PTM(s) N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, Phosphorylation	na
Predicted Disorder Regions	92-177
DisProt Annotation
TM Helix Prediction	No TM helices
Significance of PTMs	Conjugated to ATG12 at Lys-243. ATG12-conjugation plays a role in regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and cell death, while it is not involved in PE-conjugation to ATG8-like proteins and autophagy
Additional Comments	Overexpression of ATG3 could facilitate the formation of the ATG12–ATG5 complex in humans.
Bibliography	1.Fang D, Xie H, Hu T, Shan H, Li M. Binding Features and Functions of ATG3. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Jun 21;9:685625. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685625. PMID: 34235149; PMCID: PMC8255673. 2.Human Apg3p/Aut1p homologue is an authentic E2 enzyme for multiple substrates, GATE-16, GABARAP, and MAP-LC3, and facilitates the conjugation of hApg12p to hApg5p.Tanida I, Tanida-Miyake E, Komatsu M, Ueno T, Kominami E J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 19; 277(16):13739-44. 3.The Atg8 conjugation system is indispensable for proper development of autophagic isolation membranes in mice.Sou YS, Waguri S, Iwata J, Ueno T, Fujimura T, Hara T, Sawada N, Yamada A, Mizushima N, Uchiyama Y, Kominami E, Tanaka K, Komatsu M.Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Nov; 19(11):4762-75.