Primary Information
BoMiProt ID	Bomi157
Protein Name	Cofilin -1
Organism	Bos taurus
Uniprot ID	Q5E9F7
Milk Fraction	Whey
Ref Sequence ID	NP_001015655.1
Aminoacid Length	166
Molecular Weight	18519
FASTA Sequence	Download
Gene Name	CFL1
Gene ID	534553
Protein Existence Status	Reviewed: Experimental evidence at transcript level
Secondary Information
Protein Function	Regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics; Important for normal progress through mitosis and normal cytokinesis; Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization; required for the up-regulation of atypical chemokine receptor ACKR2 from endosomal compartment to cell membrane, increasing its efficiency in chemokine uptake and degradation; Required for neural tube morphogenesis and neural crest cell migration.  Cofilin-1 plays a role in apoptosis-induced actin rearrangement and phosphatidylserine exposure during storage.
Biochemical Properties	Binds to F-actin and exhibits pH-sensitive F-actin depolymerizing activity; presence of special ADF-H domain in its structure; The ADF-H domains can directly or indirectly interact with actin cytoskeleton and provide its remodeling ; interacts with HSPH1 and LIMK1. ; binds and severs F-actin in a pH dependent manner; below pH 7.0 cofilin binds to F-actin in a 1:1 molar ratio of cofilin to actin monomer in the filament; above pH 7.0 cofilin will sever actin filaments and bind actin monomer in a 1:1 molar ratio.
Significance in milk	Upregulated in intramammary infection during S. uberis challenge
PTMs	Cofilin oxidation leads to formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds and to dephosphorylation at Ser3 ; phosphorylation at Ser3 for role in actin filament dynamics
Site(s) of PTM(s) N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, Phosphorylation
Predicted Disorder Regions	NA
DisProt Annotation
TM Helix Prediction	No TM helices
Significance of PTMs	cofilin requires dephosphorylation of an N-terminal serine and deprotonation of a C-terminal histidine for increased activity
Additional Comments	In cofilin-1 deficient murine platelets actin filaments are abnormal and ABT-737 induces less phosphatidylserine.
Bibliography	1. Mudaliar, M., Tassi, R., Thomas, F. C., McNeilly, T. N., Weidt, S. K., McLaughlin, M., … Zadoks, R. N. (2016). Mastitomics, the integrated omics of bovine milk in an experimental model of Streptococcus uberis mastitis: 2. Label-free relative quantitative proteomics. Molecular BioSystems, 12(9), 2748–2761. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mb00290k. 2. Klemke, M., Wabnitz, G. H., Funke, F., Funk, B., Kirchgessner, H., & Samstag, Y. (2008). Oxidation of cofilin mediates T cell hyporesponsiveness under oxidative stress conditions. Immunity, 29(3), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.06.016. 3. Klamt, F., Zdanov, S., Levine, R. L., Pariser, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., … Shacter, E. (2009). Oxidant-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidation of the actin-regulatory protein cofilin. Nature Cell Biology, 11(10), 1241–1246. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1968. 4.Dasgupta SK, Thiagarajan P. Cofilin-1-induced actin reorganization in stored platelets. Transfusion. 2020 Apr;60(4):806-814. doi: 10.1111/trf.15747. Epub 2020 Mar 11. PMID: 32159862; PMCID: PMC7204406.